Which regulators do not apply to cancer cells?

Cancer cells are characterized by their ability to grow and divide uncontrollably, often disregarding the normal regulatory mechanisms that govern cell behavior.

Anchorage dependence refers to the requirement for cells to be attached to a solid surface to grow and proliferate. Normal cells require this attachment to regulate their life cycle properly, but cancer cells can grow without being anchored, allowing them to invade other tissues and spread throughout the body.

Density dependence is another regulatory mechanism that prevents overcrowding of cells. In normal tissue, when cells become too densely packed, growth is inhibited. This regulation is lost in cancer cells, which continue to divide regardless of cell density, leading to tumor formation.

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a critical process that helps maintain healthy tissue by removing damaged or unnecessary cells. Many cancer cells develop mechanisms to evade apoptosis, allowing them to survive and proliferate despite genetic damage that would normally trigger cell death.

Cell cycle checkpoints are regulatory pathways that ensure the proper progression of the cell cycle. They monitor the DNA for damage and ensure that cells only proceed to the next phase of the cycle when they are ready. Cancer cells often have mutations that impair these checkpoints, leading to unchecked cell division.

Considering these aspects, it is evident that both anch